Bam Margera's Impact on Skateboarding Culture
Intro
Bam Margera has been a name synonymous with skateboarding for more than two decades. Born in 1979 in West Chester, Pennsylvania, his passion for skating began at a young age. With a daring approach and an unmistakable personality, Margera carved his niche in a sport that values both artistry and grit. This article explores not only his skill development and cultural contributions but also how his personal struggles and media presence have reshaped the skateboarding landscape.
Skateboarding is not merely a sport; it’s a culture and a lifestyle. Bam Margera embodies this ethos with his innovative tricks and charismatic flair. His dynamic style along with his participation in various skateboarding formats—ranging from videos like Jackass to professional tours—has solidified his position as one of skateboarding's most influential figures.
Through profound engagement with the skateboarding community and a plethora of high-profile events, Margera has become a key player in the evolution of what skateboarding means today. His multifaceted journey offers insights into the heart of skateboarding, revealing its challenges, victories, and the way personal identities intertwine with the sport.
As we proceed through the article, we will delve deeply into several aspects of Bam Margera's legacy. We will discuss the nuances of skills development, community engagement, and how his life experiences have interwoven with his influence on skate culture. By reflecting on these elements, the narrative aims to paint a comprehensive portrait of his impact and the vibrant tapestry of skateboarding itself.
As we turn our attention next to the skills and techniques that have defined Margera’s style, we’ll see how his approach serves as a model for both aspiring skaters and seasoned veterans alike.
Bam Margera: Early Life and Origins
The journey of Bam Margera, a significant figure in the skateboarding world, is rooted in his early life and upbringing. This exploration serves as a foundation, shedding light on how his background molded his character and fueled his passion for skateboarding. Understanding Margera's origins provides insight into the dynamics of his later accomplishments and struggles, creating a well-rounded narrative that intertwines personal and professional development.
Background and Birthplace
Bam Margera was born on September 28, 1979, in the small town of West Chester, Pennsylvania. Growing up in a family that was supportive yet somewhat unconventional, he was always encouraged to pursue various interests. His mother, April Margera, was particularly influential, cultivating his creativity by allowing him the freedom to express himself in any way he saw fit. His father, Phil Margera, added to this dynamic by providing a humorous and buoyant presence in the household.
West Chester, at the time, wasn’t the bustling center of culture it is today, which meant kids like Bam had to create their own entertainment. With a skateboard under his feet, he often found himself taking to the streets, local schools, and even parking lots, practicing tricks and honing his skills. The stark contrast between his tranquil suburban environment and the intense energy of skateboarding introduced a duality that would later define his persona in the skateboarding world.
Prolusion to Skateboarding
Bam's introduction to skateboarding came as he watched older kids skate around West Chester. entranced by the fluid movements and tricks, he decided to jump into the action. At the tender age of 11, he received his first skateboard, marking the beginning of a lifelong passion.
The local skate scene became a refuge for him; it provided camaraderie and a sense of belonging that he deeply craved. The rush of landing a trick, the camaraderie shared with fellow skaters, and the thrill of competition shaped his identity profoundly. Out of this environment, his distinctive, brash skating style emerged, characterized by fearless experimentation. Margera's skating wasn’t just about mastering tricks; it was about the freedom and expression that skateboarding allowed. He developed a knack for pushing boundaries, which would later translate into his trademark approach in both skating and, eventually, his media ventures.
With mentors and friends around him, Bam's skills flourished. He began participating in local competitions, gaining recognition for his talent and unique flair. It wasn't long before his name started to circulate beyond West Chester, paving the way for his ascent to fame in the skateboarding scene. This foundation of passion, environment, and early experience, ultimately laid the groundwork for the multifaceted career that would follow, bridging the gap between skateboarding, entertainment, and personal challenges.
Skating Style and Techniques
Skating style and techniques serve as the backbone of what makes Bam Margera a household name in the skateboarding world. His unique approach to skating has inspired budding skateboarders and seasoned pros alike. Margera’s style reflects the intricate blend of creativity and personal expression, solidifying his identity not just as a skater but as a cultural icon.
Understanding the nuances of his skating techniques helps readers appreciate the physical demands and artistic elements involved in skateboarding.
Signature Moves and Tricks
Bam Margera's signature moves truly set him apart in the competitive skateboarding scene. One of his most recognized tricks is the "Bam flip", distinctly characterized by a combination of a kickflip and a late shove-it, executed in the flow of a run. This trick exemplifies how street skating can merge with technical elements, showcasing his willingness to push boundaries.
Moreover, Margera’s grind techniques are often dazzling. His "Smith grinds" and "Feeble grinds" aren’t just about the trick itself, but about the style with which he delivers them. The technical precision required for these maneuvers is paired with an effortless aesthetic that captivates audiences during competitions and performances.
"Skateboarding is not just about riding, it’s a way to express parts of yourself that you often can’t put into words."
— Bam Margera
Key tricks from Margera’s repertoire include:
- Ollie: The foundational move for all skaters.
- Pop Shove-it: A basic yet essential trick in any skater’s toolkit.
- 360 Flip: Combining a flip with a spin – iconic and difficult.
Mastering these tricks requires agility, balance, and a deep understanding of one’s own limits. Veteran skaters can pass down insights to novices about trick positioning and the feel of the board underneath – information essential for anyone looking to elevate their skating game.
Influence of Street Skating
Street skating has become a cornerstone of skating culture, and Margera embodies this influence. He often gravitates towards environments that aren’t strictly designed for skating, like urban landscapes or abandoned structures. This affinity for street spots reflects a deeper cultural context that values creativity and resourcefulness.
Margera’s videos, such as "Viva La Bam", brought street skating into the homes of millions. They displayed a raw and unfiltered portrayal of skateboarding that went beyond mere tricks. The way he used his surroundings — stepping off a rugged ledge or bouncing off a handrail — sparked interest in skateboarding as an activity that integrates seamlessly into everyday life.
Street skating is not merely about the tricks, it is an art form, a dance with the environment that expresses personal style and challenges norms. It shapes how young skaters perceive their community and how they can redefine space.
The need for skateboarders to explore, adapt, and innovate captures the essence of street skating, making it an ever-evolving entity within the larger skate culture. Margera’s distinct voice within this revolution emphasizes the idea that skating is a personal journey rather than a set of rules.
By showcasing these dynamics, we garner a deeper understanding of skating’s ever-adaptive nature and the community's relentless push against conventional boundaries.
Media Presence and Popularity
Bam Margera's media presence reshaped not just his image but also skateboarding itself, making it resonate with a wider audience. His foray into various entertainment mediums amplified his standing among both skaters and non-skaters alike, seamlessly blending action sports with pop culture. Margera's charisma was infectious, establishing a connection that many skaters often found lacking in traditional portrayals of the sport. This section examines the multifaceted aspects of his influence and how his popularity has helped skateboarding gain notoriety beyond the skateparks.
Television Ventures
One of the pivotal moments in Bam Margera's career was linked to his television ventures. His creations such as "Jackass" and "Viva La Bam" were not merely entertainment; they served as powerful platforms that showcased the thrills of skateboarding in an engaging format. These shows captivated audiences with a unique blend of humor, outrageous stunts, and, of course, the skateboarding lifestyle. In a society hungry for authenticity, Bam's genuine passion for the sport shone through, pulling in viewers and creating a loyal fan base.
- Jackass: This series pushed the envelope by presenting skaters in wild scenarios, elevating their tricks to a new level of cultural relevance. For viewers, it showcased skateboarding not just as a sport but as a lifestyle ripe with risks and camaraderie.
- Viva La Bam: Here, we see a more personal glimpse into Margera's life. This show featured family and friends, illustrating how skateboarding intertwined with his everyday experiences. It demystified the skater persona, showcasing its normalcy, yet adorned with the eccentricities that came with his fame.
Bam's ventures were instrumental in popularizing skateboarding across demographics. His ability to blend skate culture with broader television narratives allowed for a diversification of the skateboarding scene that included more casual audiences. This resulted in a surge of interest and participation in the sport itself from those previously detached from it.
Impact on Skate Culture
The impact that Bam Margera had on skate culture extends far beyond the tricks he performed. His lively persona and unconventional approach defined a new era for skateboarding. As skateboarding entered the mainstream consciousness, significant shifts in perception began to emerge, many of which can be traced back to Margera's influence.
"Bam brought skateboarding into a living room setting, where it was accessible to everyone, not just dedicated skaters."
- Normalization of Skate Culture: Maragera's widespread popularity facilitated a social acceptance of skating. No longer merely seen as a juvenile pastime, it transformed into a respected subculture.
- Inspiration for New Generations: With his bold style and antics, Bam set an example for aspiring skaters. He encouraged them to embrace their individuality and break the mold, fostering a more inclusive and creative skateboarding community.
- Fashion and Style Evolution: Margera's influence on skatewear cannot be understated. His fashion choices, often replicated by fans, bridged the gap between skating and everyday trends, making skateboard attire a mainstream phenomenon.
In summary, Bam Margera's media presence and popularity were fundamental in shaping not just his career but the entire skate culture. His unique blend of entertainment and authentic passion for skateboarding ensured a transformation that resonates in today’s scenes. His work inspires future skaters and continues to highlight the deeper connections between personal identity and sportsmanship.
Controversies and Personal Struggles
The world of skateboarding is as dynamic as the sport itself. It's a culture steeped in rebellion, creativity, and individuality. However, with the highs come the lows, and Bam Margera's life is a testament to that harsh reality. His journey encompasses a series of controversies and personal struggles that have shaped not only his identity but also the perceptions of the skateboarding community at large. In this section, we will dive deep into the substance abuse issues that have plagued Margera and explore public perception and backlash against him over the years. Understanding these aspects is crucial as they offer insight into the complex relationship between skateboarding and personal demons.
Substance Abuse Issues
Bam Margera's battles with substance abuse are well-documented and have become almost synonymous with his public persona. Over the years, he has opened up about his addiction struggles, which have escalated at various points in his life. The pressure of fame, coupled with a high-octane lifestyle, led him down a turbulent road. His addiction not only affected him but also strained relationships with friends and family, showcasing how deeply intertwined personal struggles can be with public life.
The connection between skateboarding and substance use is a topic often discussed within the community. Some view it as a rite of passage; others recognize it as a potential pitfall. Margera found himself at the intersection of these perspectives, creating a discourse that challenges the notion of "living life to the fullest."
"To skate is to live, and to live is to face the demons that come along with it."
Margera's experiences have led to a clearer narrative about the realities of addiction. He serves as an example for many young skaters grappling with similar issues, illustrating that even legends are not immune to life's challenges. Confirmation of his struggles begs the question: how can the skate community address such issues to support aspiring skaters?
Public Perception and Backlash
The perception of Bam Margera has fluctuated dramatically over the years. On one hand, he is celebrated as a trailblazer who brought skateboarding into mainstream consciousness through shows like "Jackass". On the other hand, his public battles have attracted backlash that tarnishes his legacy. This duality leaves much to unpack about the nature of fame and forgiveness.
As news of his substance abuse and erratic behavior spread, it invited critique from both fans and the public. Many sympathize with his struggles, while others condemn his choices, often choosing to overlook his contributions to the sport. This often appears in social media conversations where heated opinions swing from support to disdain.
Some observers note that this backlash can adversely affect younger skaters, who may draw conclusions based on Margera's public image rather than his talent or contributions. There is a delicate balance between critiquing behavior versus celebrating achievements. What does this teach the skateboarding community? Perhaps that more understanding and openness regarding mental health and personal struggles are necessary.
Legacy within Skateboarding
Bam Margera's legacy in skateboarding is both profound and multi-faceted, influencing not only the sport itself but also the culture that envelops it. His journey is one of innovation, creativity, and resilience, showcasing how an individual's journey can resonate widely within a specific community. Margera’s approach to skateboarding embodies the spirit of pushing boundaries and embracing authenticity, creating a ripple effect that aspiring skaters feel even today.
His daring style influenced a generation of skateboarders seeking to carve their own paths. Beyond just mastering tricks, Margera has inspired a deeper connection between skateboarding and self-expression, pushing skaters to blend art with athleticism. It's that blend which provides a fresh perspective to skate culture, where personal identity intertwines with the very act of skating.
"Skateboarding is more than just a sport; it's a culture, a lifestyle, a form of communication. Bam Margera has shown us that it's about expressing who you are, not just showing off tricks."
The legacy he’s cemented is visible not only in the tricks being performed today but also in the way young skaters perceive their craft. They aren’t just aiming for a perfect landing anymore, but also to tell a story through every move they make. This empowers them to break away from traditional formats and creates a canvas for personal narratives.
In addition, his contributions are also reflected in the thriving community surrounding skateboarding events. Margera's passion for fostering competitions and exhibitions has laid the groundwork for an inclusive environment where skaters from various backgrounds can showcase their skills. This unity within diversity fosters creativity and encourages talented youngsters to express their unique styles.
His symbolic stance against conformity within skateboarding serves as a lesson that shows how the sport evolves with the individual glimpses of creativity. Consequently, the younger generation has adopted a mindset rooted in innovation rather than mere replication of existing styles.
Influencing Aspiring Skaters
Bam Margera has been more than just a talent; he stands as a beacon for aspiring skaters, often proving that authenticity opens doors. His evolution from an insecure young skater to a household name in the skateboarding community illustrates a story to which many can relate.
In interviews, he often emphasizes the importance of innovation and thinking outside the box. Instead of following the norm, it’s about creating one's own path—a belief that many newcomers to skateboarding carry into their practices.
For many young skaters, following Margera’s journey motivates them to explore their limits and set their sights higher than ever before. He often hosts clinics and skate camps, sharing wisdom derived from years of experience. His presence at events fosters an atmosphere of mentorship, bridging the gap between seasoned athletes and neophytes.
These encounters often yield benefits such as:
- Motivation to try new tricks
- Increased confidence from seeing an idol up close
- Real-life lessons about perseverance and resilience
By integrating his story into their practice, aspiring skaters embark on their unique journeys, reaping not only physical skills but also emotional strength.
Contribution to Skateboarding Brands
When discussing Bam Margera’s impact, we cannot overlook his contributions to various skateboarding brands over the years. He has historically partnered with companies like Element and Birdhouse, showcasing how branding and identity can merge. Margera’s collaborations often highlight the core ideals of skateboarding—freedom, creativity, and an indomitable spirit.
Through his partnerships, he’s been involved in the development of products that resonate with skaters. For instance, more than just flashy boards and shoes, these brands often reflect the ethos of skate culture itself. By having input in design and marketing, he aids in maintaining authenticity, ensuring that gear serves the real needs of skateboarders rather than succumbing to mainstream commercialization.
Furthermore, Margera’s unique style often extends into limited edition products, creating a buzz that elevates brand visibility. When fans see a piece of gear associated with him, it doesn’t just represent a brand; it embodies the essence of his journey and attitude towards skateboarding.
Some notable points about his contributions include:
- Promotion of skateboard brands through personal style and public appearances.
- Engagement with fan communities, making them feel part of the process.
- Encouraging the next generation of skaters to seek out quality gear that matches their aspirations
Ultimately, Bam Margera's legacy within skateboarding is not just a matter of technical prowess or fame. It's about the deeper connections he fostered, encouraging skaters to explore who they are while advancing the culture itself.
Bam Margera: Community and Culture
Bam Margera’s influence extends far beyond his impressive tricks and media appearances; it weaves intricately into the very fabric of skate culture. His journey illuminates the importance of community within skateboarding, emphasizing how shared experiences and events can foster connections among skaters. Margera's efforts are pivotal in creating a culture that thrives on creativity, individuality, and collaboration.
Fostering Skateboarding Events
Margera has consistently played a key role in organizing and supporting skateboarding events. From local competitions to large-scale festivals, these gatherings not only showcase talent but also bolster community spirit. For instance, his involvement in events like the Bam's Skating For The Troops highlighted the therapeutic effects of skateboarding while supporting veterans. Such initiatives resonate with skaters who not only come to watch or compete but connect with one another.
- Connecting Generations: Events allow younger skaters to interact with veterans of the sport, fostering mentorship. It’s where they can learn not just skills but life lessons as well.
- Showcasing Talent: For many aspiring skaters, competitions provide a platform to demonstrate their talent. Margera’s support of these events draws attention, fostering recognition for up-and-coming skaters.
- Creating Opportunities: Beyond showcasing talent, events sponsored by Margera often lead to lucrative sponsorship offers for skilled skaters. Opportunities emerge for career growth and personal brand development in these vibrant environments.
"Skateboarding isn’t just a sport; it’s a lifestyle wrapped in community and culture, a bond that unites all of us."
Supporting Young Skaters
Support for young skaters is another critical aspect of Bam Margera's contribution to skateboarding culture. His open approach invites youth engagement in the sport. This support is evident in various forms, from mentoring sessions to financial backing for promising talents. For instance, his outreach programs encourage children who may not otherwise have access to quality skate gear or professional guidance.
- Skate Camps: By creating skateboard camps during the summer, Margera offers young skaters a chance to refine their skills while engaging with peers, unearthing potential that might otherwise stay buried.
- Scholarships: Financial assistance for talented youngsters can alleviate the monetary burden of pursuing skateboarding as a serious endeavor, allowing them to focus on their craft without distraction.
- Role Model: Margera's very presence in the community serves as a beacon of inspiration. Many young skaters aspire to emulate his success. This kind of representation is crucial as it reflects that success is attainable, encouraging them to pursue their passion vigorously.
Technical Aspects of Skateboarding Gear
Skateboarding transcends mere recreation; it’s an art form and a lifestyle. To fully appreciate this, one must delve into the technical aspects of skateboarding gear. The gear isn’t just there for show; it’s intrinsic to the performance and safety of the skater. Understanding the nuances can significantly enhance the skating experience, especially for those who aspire to emulate legends like Bam Margera.
Skateboard Components and Their Importance
When one picks up a skateboard, several components come into play, each with a vital role. Let’s break it down:
- Deck: This is the foundation of any skateboard. Made from layers of wood or composite materials, the deck's size and shape can influence stability and maneuverability. A wider deck could provide more grip and stability for tricks, while a narrower one allows for easier flips and spins.
- Trucks: These metal T-shaped pieces connect the wheels to the deck. They dictate how well a skateboard can turn. A lightweight truck can offer agility while a sturdier one may provide stability, particularly during tricks.
- Wheels: The wheels are crucial for the skater’s speed and control. Harder wheels tend to roll better on smooth surfaces while softer wheels grip better on rougher terrains. Choosing the right wheel hardness is essential based on the skating style and environment.
- Bearings: Bearings facilitate wheel rotation and influence the overall speed of the skateboard. Higher-quality bearings can result in smoother rides and faster speeds.
- Grip Tape: This gritty material is attached to the top of the deck, ensuring the skater’s feet stay firmly planted during tricks. It’s a small yet mighty element that can make or break a skater’s performance.
Properly understanding these components helps skaters select gear that enhances their individual style, as well as their performance capabilities.
Choosing Appropriate Gear
Once the components are understood, the next step is selecting appropriate gear. This process can feel overwhelming, but it doesn’t have to be. Here are some considerations:
- Skill Level: Beginners may want to opt for complete skateboard setups that are more forgiving. As skill progresses, more specialized gear can be pursued tailored for street, vert, or freestyle skating.
- Type of Skating: Are you hitting the streets, vert ramps, or skate parks? The environment influences what gear to choose. For example, street skaters might prefer a lighter, smaller deck for tricks in tight urban settings, while park skaters might favor something sturdier.
- Personal Comfort: Every skater’s foot placement and riding style is unique. Finding a deck width and truck height that feels comfortable can skyrocket performance and enjoyment.
- Budget: Quality doesn’t always mean excessive spending, but it’s worth investing in solid components. Thorough research can lead to good options without breaking the bank.
"Choosing the right skateboard gear is like picking the right tool for the job; it can make a world of difference in your performance."
Thus, when acquiring gear, consider not just immediate needs but also long-term usage. In doing so, skaters can cultivate better habits and refine their techniques, reflecting the very essence of skater culture—improvement and expression.
For further detailed information on skateboard gear goals and choices, resources such as Wikipedia and Britannica provide great insights.
Insights from Margera's Filming Techniques
Bam Margera's unique approach to filming has had an undeniable impact on the skateboarding scene. It’s not just the tricks he pulls but how they’re presented that resonates deeply with fans and aspiring skaters alike. The cinematography in Margera's skate videos showcases not only the sport but also the culture surrounding it, capturing the raw energy that comes with success and failure. These insights highlight the elements that make his work stand out in a crowded landscape of skate videos.
Cinematography in Skateboarding Videos
Margera's work stands apart due to its captivating cinematography. His use of diverse angles, quick cuts, and innovative techniques creates a dynamic viewing experience that draws the audience in. The choice of location plays a vital role too; the gritty urban streets and the laid-back skateparks featured in his videos reflect a sense of authenticity. Skateboarding is often a visual feast, and Margera understands that what the audience sees can wield significant emotional power.
- Creative Angles: Deploying various filming perspectives allows for a better appreciation of the tricks. Low-angle shots make skaters appear more powerful while tracking shots keep the viewer enthralled as they follow the action.
- Editing Styles: The rapid editing mimics the skater's mindset, creating an adrenaline-fueled experience. Slow-motion captures are strategically placed to emphasize crucial moments, highlighting the finesse and precision that are essential in skateboarding.
By using these techniques, Margera elevates ordinary skateboarding footage into cinematic artistry. His editing decisions encapsulate the thrill of the sport and the emotions of the skaters involved, fostering a deeper connection to the content.
Documenting Skating Adventures
Documenting adventures in his videos has been essential to Margera's narrative style. He doesn't just record tricks; he creates a story around the experience of skating. This passionate storytelling allows viewers to connect on a personal level. His work often includes candid moments, unscripted happenings, and interactions among skaters, making the viewer feel like a part of the journey.
- Journeys Beyond Skateboarding: He often showcases adventures outside of skateboarding, emphasizing the social bonds formed within the skating community. This broader perspective fosters a greater appreciation for the sport.
- Authenticity and Relatability: Margera’s raw and unfiltered representation of his experiences gives audiences insights into the trials and tribulations of being a skater. His candid documentation of both successes and missteps resonates with aspiring skaters, emphasizing that challenges are a natural part of growth.
"In the world of skateboarding, it's not just about the perfect trick, but the story behind each ride that truly counts."
Closure: Margera's Enduring Influence
In wrapping up our exploration of Bam Margera's journey in the realm of skateboarding, it's crucial to recognize the vast ripples his life created in the skate culture pond. Margera has not just been a skater; he’s a pivotal figure whose influence stretches beyond the decks. The way he interacted with skateboarding wasn't merely as a sport but as a powerful medium of expression and identity for countless enthusiasts.
Reflection on His Contribution to the Scene
Margera's impact comes from his unique blend of raw talent and unfiltered personality. His performances in ‘Jackass’ and ‘Viva La Bam’ didn’t just entertain; they also made skateboarding visible to a broader audience. He brought energy and an authenticity that many fans instantly connected with, turning skateboarding into a household conversation—something that resonated with both seasoned skaters and newcomers alike.
- Cultural Shifts: Margera shifted the perception of what skateboarding could be, portraying it as a lifestyle, not merely a hobby. His antics emphasized creativity over strict adherence to traditional techniques.
- Diverse Appeal: Rather than a sole focus on competition, he showcased the fun and rebellious spirit often associated with the mix of skate culture and youth trends. Margera's experiences opened doors for skaters from various backgrounds to express themselves freely.
Moreover, his forays into film and television sparked interest in skateboarding, leading to a surge in skate-related content. This blending of media forms encouraged a new generation to pick up skateboards, showcasing the power of visibility in influencing trends and behaviors.
"Bam Margera showed us that skateboarding isn't just about tricks; it's about how you feel on the board and the stories you can tell."
Future of Skateboarding Inspired by Margera
The legacy left by Margera isn't about nostalgia alone; it's also about inspiration. As we look toward the horizon of skateboarding's future, his influence is felt across several dimensions. He ignited a passion that continues to fuel innovation.
- Continued Evolution: Bam's artistic approach encouraged skaters to constantly push their boundaries. Future generations understand that skateboarding is an evolving art form that stands at the crossroads of creativity, culture, and sport.
- Emphasizing Community: Margera's efforts in promoting skateboarding events are a testament to the importance of community. Today’s skaters continue to draw on his sense of belonging, working to foster inclusive environments that welcome all skill levels and backgrounds.
- Diversity in Representation: As Margera was candid about his struggles, it paved the way for open discussions around mental health within the sport. The new wave of skateboarders is beginning to address deeper issues that affect their community, showing them that vulnerability is not a weakness.
In essence, Bam Margera's influence has set the stage for a colorful tapestry of the future of skateboarding. His unique contributions remind us that it's not merely the tricks that define a skater, but the stories they carry, which, in turn, motivate future skaters to pursue their passions fearlessly.
As we close the chapter on Bam's ongoing saga, it’s clear: his legacy sparks continual growth and change in the skateboarding landscape.
